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GLOSSARY OF LEASING/FINANCE TERMS
- Add-On
- A transaction to add related equipment to an existing
lease. Typically, this term is used when the new
equipment is financed using the same lease structure (i.e., Fair Market Value,
$1.00 Purchase Option, Fixed
Purchase Option, etc.) as was used in the underlying transaction
except that the lease term for the add-on is set so that it expires coterminously with (on the
same date as) the original transaction.
Advance Payments
Payments made by the lessee at the inception of a leasing transaction.
Amortization
A breakdown of periodic loan payments into two components: a principal portion and an
interest portion.
APR
Annual Percentage Rate. The effective rate taking into account compounding and other
fees. The nominal rate of interest for a specified period (usually one year).
Bargain Purchase Option
An option given to the lessee to purchase the equipment on lease at a price that is less than the expected fair market value so that, at the inception of the
lease, it is reasonable to assume that the lessee will definitely purchase the equipment
on the option date.
Capital Lease
A lease that meets at
least one of the criteria outlined in paragraph 7 of FASB 13 and, therefore, must be treated essentially as
a loan for book accounting purposes. The four criteria are:
- title passes automatically by the end of the lease term
- lease contains a
bargain
purchase option (i.e., less than the fair market value)
lease term is greater than 75% of estimated
economic life of the equipment
present value of lease
payments is greater than 90% of the equipment's fair market value
A Capital Lease is treated by the lessee as both the borrowing of funds and the acquisition of an asset to be depreciated; thus the lease
is recorded on the lessee's balance sheet as an asset and corresponding liability (lease
payable). Periodic lessee expenses consist of interest on the debt and depreciation of the
asset.
Capped Fair Market Value Lease
A Fair Market Value Lease with a predetermined ceiling to limit Fair Market exposure at the end of the
lease term.
Coterminous
Two or more leases that
are linked so that both will terminate at the same time.
Depreciation
A tax deduction representing a reasonable allowance for exhaustion, wear and tear, and
obsolescence, that is taken by the owner of the equipment and by which the cost of the
equipment is allocated over time. Depreciation decreases the company's balance sheet
assets and is also recorded as an operating expense for each period. Various methods of
depreciation are used which alter the number of periods over which the cost is allocated
and the amount expensed each period.
Discount Rate
A certain interest rate that is used to bring a series of future cash flows to their present value in order to
state them in current, or today's, dollars. Use of a discount rate removes the time value
of money from future cash flows.
Estimated Useful Life
The period during which an asset is expected to be useful in trade or business.
- used for purposes of calculating the maximum allowable term of a tax lease
- used for determining whether or not the lease is a
Capital Lease
used to determine the method of depreciation for a capitalized leased asset
may or may not be the same as the life used for income tax purposes
Fair Market Value
The price for which property can be sold in an "arms length" transaction; that
is, between informed, unrelated, and willing parties, each of which is acting rationally
and in its own best interest.
Fair Market Value Lease
A lease which includes
an option for the lessee to either renew the lease at a fair market value
renewal or purchase the equipment for its fair market value at the end of the lease term.
Though often referred to as tax leased, not all Fair Market Value leases qualify as tax
leases.
Finance Lease
A lease used to finance
the purchase of equipment; not a true lease. Finance leases are generally considered to be
capital leases
from an accounting perspective and non-tax
leases from a tax perspective.
Financial Accounting Standards Board 13
Statement number 13 of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) which establishes
standards for lessees'
and lessors' accounting
and reporting for leases.
This includes the characterization of a lease as an operating lease or capital lease for the lessee's purposes.
A company's assets, liabilities and net income will differ depending on how it chooses
to structure its leases. The provisions of FASB 13 derive from the view that a lease that
transfers substantially all of the benefits and risks of ownership should be accounted for
as the acquisition of an asset and the incurrence of an obligation by the lessee (a
capital lease) and as a sale or financing by the lessor. Other leases should be accounted
for as the rental of property (operating leases).
Fixed Purchase Option
An option given to the lessee to purchase the leased equipment from the lessor on the option date for a guaranteed price. Both
the date and the price must be determined at the inception of the lease. A typical fixed
purchase option is 10% of the original cost of the equipment.
Full Payout Lease
A lease in which the
total of the lease payments pays back to the lessor the entire cost of the equipment including financing, overhead, and a reasonable
rate of return, with little or no dependence on a residual value.
Incremental Borrowing Rate
The rate that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee
would have incurred to borrow over a similar term the funds necessary to purchase the
leased asset.
Lease
A contract through which an owner of equipment (the lessor) conveys the right to use its equipment to
another party (the lessee)
for a specified period of time (the lease term) for specified periodic payments.
Lease Purchase
Full payout, net leases structured with a term equal to the equipment's estimated useful life. Because many Lease Purchases include a bargain purchase option for the lessee
to purchase the equipment for one dollar at the expiration of the lease, these leases are
often referred to as dollar buyout or buck-out leases. Lease Purchases are generally
considered to be Capital Leases from an accounting perspective and non-tax leases from a tax perspective due to their bargain
purchase option and length of lease term.
Lease Schedule
A schedule to a Master Lease agreement describing the leased equipment, rentals and other terms applicable to
the equipment.
Lessee
The party to a lease
agreement who is obligated to pay the rentals to the lessor and is entitled to use and possess the leased
equipment during the lease term.
Lessor
The party to a lease
agreement who has legal or tax title to the equipment (in the case of a true tax lease), grants the lessee the right to use the
equipment for the lease term and is entitled to receive the rental payments.
Master Lease
A continuing lease
arrangement whereby additional equipment can be added from time to time merely by
describing that equipment in a new lease
schedule executed by the parties. The original lease contract
terms and conditions apply to all subsequent schedules. To be contrasted with a lease
contract for a single transaction involving a specific unit of equipment, a Master Lease
is essentially a line of credit to draw from over time in order to purchase equipment.
Municipal Lease
A lease designed to
meet the special needs of state and local governments. The lease contains a
non-appropriation clause which states that the only condition under which the entity may
be released from its payment obligation is when the legislature or funding authority fails
to appropriate funds. Since the lessee is a municipality or an organization supporting the government, it is exempt
from paying federal income taxes. For this reason, the IRS does not charge the lessor income taxes on leases to
these customers.
Off Balance Sheet Financing
A lease that qualifies
as an Operating Lease for the lessee's financial accounting purposes. Such leases are referred to as off-balance sheet
financing due to their exclusion from the balance sheet asset and debt presentation,
except for that portion of the payments that is due in the current fiscal period. Full
disclosure of such transactions is typically made in the auditor's notes to the financial
statements. Periodic payments are recorded as expense items on the lessee's income
statement.
Operating Lease
A lease which is
treated as a true lease (as opposed to a loan) for book accounting purposes. As defined in
FASB 13, an operating
lease must have all of the following characteristics:
An operating lease is accounted for by the lessee without showing an asset (for the equipment) or a liability (for the lease
payment obligations) on his balance sheet. Periodic payments are accounted for by the
lessee as operating expenses of the period.
Payment in Advance
Periodic payments are due at the beginning of each period.
Payment in Arrears
Periodic payments are due at the end of each period.
Present Value
The discounted value of a payment or stream of payments to be received in the future,
taking into consideration a specific interest or discount rate. Present Value represents a
series of future cash flows expressed in today's dollars.
Purchase option
An option given to the lessee to purchase the equipment from the lessor, usually as of a specified date.
Residual Value
The book value that the lessor depreciates a piece of equipment down to during the lease term, typically based on an
estimate of the future value, less a safety margin.
Sale-leaseback
A transaction that involves the sale of equipment to a leasing company and a subsequent lease of the same equipment back to
the original owner, who continues to use the equipment.
Skip-payment Lease
A lease that contains a
payment stream requiring the lessee to make payments only during certain periods of the
year.
Step-up or Step-down
A feature of a lease that contains a payment
stream that either increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) in amount over the term of
the lease.
Tax-Exempt Entity
Tax-Exempt Entities, for federal income tax purposes, generally include: any federal,
state or local government (including their agencies and instrumentalities); any
organization that is exempt from federal income taxes, such as non-profit charitable
organizations; and most foreign persons or entities, unless a significant portion of their
gross income is subject to federal income tax.
Tax Lease
A generic term for a lease in which the lessor takes the risk
of ownership (as determined by various IRS pronouncements) and, as the owner, is entitled
to the benefits of ownership, including tax benefits.
Useful Life
The period of time during which an asset will have economic value and be usable. The
useful life of an asset is sometimes called the economic life of the asset. To qualify as
an operating lease, the property must have a remaining useful life of 25 percent of the original
estimated useful life of the leased property at the end of the lease term, and at least a
life of one year.
Upgrade
To trade in leased equipment for a newer, more advanced model during the lease term.
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